Mongolia in brief

Country name: Mongolia
Capital: Ulaanbaatar
Location: Mongolia is a huge, landlocked country in the North - East Asia, squashed between Russia with 3485 km on the North border, China with 4673 km on the south border.
Geographic Coordinates:
                                               The westernmost point E Longitude 87° 44’      N Latitude 48° 53’
                                               The easternmost point E Longitude 119 ° 56’    N Latitude 46°43’
                                               The northernmost point E Longitude 98°57’      N Latitude 52°09’
                                               The southernmost point E longitude 41° 35       N Latitude 105°00’
Mongolian standard time: + 7 hours to GMT
Area: 1,564,000 sq km
Telephone Country Code: +976
Terrain: 35% of the territory is forest- plain, 20% is plain and 40% is desert zone in the south (Gobi)
Average altitude: 1580 m.
Highest peak Tavanbogd  in the Altay range: 4375 m above sea level
The lowest point Khukh Nuuryn Khotgor, 560 m below sea level. 
Population: 2, 8 millions. But in the world about 4 millions of Mongol origin people live.
Nationality and Ethnic groups: 85% Mongol, 7% Kazakh and 8% other groups. Totally 20 ethnic minorities in the country such as Uriankha, Khoton, Durvud, Bayd, Zakhchin, Uzemchin, Darkhad, Buriad ect.
Languages: 75% of the population speaks Khalha Mongol. Other 15% ethnic minorities do not face any difficulties in communicating with people of the whole country, although some local dialects exist. Khazaks, as an ethnic minorities enjoy their rights to receive general education and other information in their native language.
Most spoken languages: Russian, English, German, Japanese, French.
Literacy: An intensive campaign aimed at involving all children into compulsory schooling and eliminating illiteracy was carried out successfully in 1940s. Thus, illiteracy was totally eliminated already by 1970s.
Governmental type: Parliamentary system with a president elected every 4 years.
Administrative system: Capital city, 21 aimags (provinces), more than 330 soums, which, themselves, are divided into bags. 
Independence:  National Liberation Revolution of 1911 and People’s Democratic Revolution of 1921 provided the Mongolians with the opportunity to build their State structure on new foundations. Mongolia has gained its independence in 1921.

Constitution: During the People’s Republic of Mongolia 3 Constitutions adopted in 1924, 1940 and 1960 but all 3, the understanding of independence of Mongolia, state and government structure, rights and obligations of citizens had all been tailored to fit the socialist orientation in the background.
Then in 1992, The State Great Khural of new Mongolia adopted the new Constitution, which legalized new rules regulating social, economic and political structure and the administrative system of the country, thus providing the background for Mongolia to embark the road to democracy and reform.

Economy: Traditionally based on agriculture, livestock breeding, lately mining sector blooming with extreme industrial income. (Coal, copper, gold ect.).
Flag description: State flag of Mongolia consists of three equal bands, the central blue band is described as the eternal blue sky, and red bands represent the ability of Mongolia to thrive in its harsh environment. The soyombo symbol is a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representations of fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the Yin-Yang symbol. The flag was adopted in 1992, after the democratic change which reformed the country into democratic orientation.

Climate: Mongolia is a remarkable sunny country enjoying 250 sunny days a year. The country has typical continental climate with extreme diurnal and annual ranges of temperature.
Winter nights of -40C occur most years (minimum recorded -55C at Lake Uvs).
Summer extremes reach as high as +40C in the Gobi Desert and +33C in Ulaanbaatar.
- Average summer temperature: +20C (+65F)
- Average winter temperature: -24C (-13F)
- Average precipitation: 25.4 cm
Mountains: the longest mountain ranges Mountain Altay, 1500 km. Mountain Range Khangai 800 km and Khentii ranges.
Rivers: The longest River Orkhon, 1125 km (there are famous other rivers Selenge, Kherlen, Tuul)
Lake: The biggest Lake Uvs, 3350 sq.km, other 4,000 lakes (one of them is Lake Khuvsgul contains 2% of the world's fresh water)
Water: 50 % of fresh water recourses is said to be in the Arctic Sea basin and 37% in Central Asian inner basin and 12% is in the Pacific basin. 
Plain: The biggest Plain Menen in the Eastern Mongolia, 5704 sq.km. 
Desert: The biggest desert Gobi Beereg in Uvs province, 4000 sq km.
Fauna: 140 kinds of mammals more than 70 of them being fur animals,
              434 species of birds
              75 kinds of Fish
              28 kinds of Reptiles and amphibians.
More than 200 kinds of animals can be hunted. About 13 thousand insects have been observed and exanimated.